ABSTRACT
The field of vaccination has advanced by leaps and bounds;however, effective and novel vaccines are yet to be developed, especially for rapidly spreading coronavirusdisease 2019 (COVID-19)/SARS-CoV2. Many vaccines are created using conventionalapproaches to eradicate COVID-2019, which is presently a global threat. Evenvaccines using nanotechnology are also in the race. Nanotechnology has acceleratedthe evolution of newer vaccines that are safe and highly effective in eradicating theSARS-CoV2. Nanovaccines (NVs) were developed recently where new drugs can beaccommodated through nanoparticle (NP) carriers. The similar nanosize betweenthe nano-scaled materials and pathogens ensures optimal trigger response of theimmune system, resulting in satisfactory cellular and humoral immunity responses.Targeted delivery of NPs results in enhanced antibody response, improved stabilitycoupled with longer duration drug release, and prolonged immunogenic memory.This chapter highlights recently developed antiviral nanovaccines against COVID-19. Although the development of NVs is in the infancy stage and few are in the earlyclinical phases, we firmly believe the newer generation of NVs have greater possibilityof treatment and prevention of bacterial and viral infections. © 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has already attracted substantial attention of the scientific community. Medical Science had never faced a tougher challenge than this pandemic. The rapid spread of the virus has caused a monumental increase in hospital admissions and deaths resulting in availability of data for analysis. Moreover, the disease has now become asymptomatic in most cases yet could be fatal for co-morbid patients. Patients on arrival to hospitals, whatever the case may be, are generally advised to opt for economically reasonable routine blood tests and certain aspects of this blood testing can assist us in determining if a patient is infected with coronavirus or not, at a very early stage. We can utilize ensemble classifiers (i.e., conglomerate of advanced and improved ensemble of learning algorithms) to distinguish between infected and non-infected individuals and rule out the scope of further spreading. In this paper, we have done a comparative study of the diverse ensemble learning techniques that are implemented over different patient's blood test reports and can presage if a patient is infected with coronavirus. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
In this research paper, we are going to see the profound scientific use of computer technology applied in the fields of AI and Machine Learning primarily focused on Image Processing and Pattern recognition. Techniques such as ours are widely used to recognize real life objects including human faces etc. Thus, using such techniques, we can recognize a person from pictures. Using face recognition modules from python's huge collection of libraries, we are able to train the model to recognize people while wearing masks. Since when masks are worn, half of the facial features are lost, therefore developing a technique to recognize faces in such way is crucial. This specific technology of face detection is used in biometrics, video surveillance, etc. Therefore it's at utmost importance to increase the security as well as efficiency whilst making the recognition faster. © 2021 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
The rise of coronavirus has exposed a trivial response to this major community disaster. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister of India, is the main body for COVID-19 in India. It has been widespread in India despite the efforts of suppressing it. Due to its high transmission rate, India has taken several countermeasures and clinical trials to study the mutations and other antibodies. This study aims to visualize the main cause of the difference in the severity of cases among the states of India, taking into consideration the factors that mobilized the spread, along with the actions undertaken by the Indian government to control the spread of the virus. This paper introduces the data set and provides a comprehensive overview of related data visualization tools, existing techniques, and systems for analyzing the results. Finally, we have enabled the presentation of data with graphics, making comparisons more understandable, to help allocate resources (worldwide) to the states in India that are in need. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
Background: Immune dysfunction characterized by lower antibody (Ab) response to infection or vaccination has been well described among People Living with HIV (PLWH), but due to the novelty of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has not been evaluated among PLWH coinfected with SARS-CoV-2. This study compared the magnitude and longevity of Ab response to SARS-CoV-2 in a group of HIV+ and HIV-individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 Methods: 17 HIV+COVID+ and 19 HIV-COVID+ participants were recruited from the community as part of the ACTION study and followed longitudinally at day 14, 1 month and 3 months. HIV+ were on effective ART (plasma viral load <500 copies/ml). SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by SARS-COV2 DNA PCR and rapid antibody test. All participants had mild/moderate COVID-19 without hospitalization. Antibody responses (IgG and IgM) were measured using an indirect in house developed ELISA using spike RBD antigen (courtesy, Scott Boyd, Stanford University) and the data are expressed as relative Ab units based on the positive control standard. Results: The median age of HIV+ participants was 55 (26-63) with 23.5% (4/17) females. The median age for HIV-was 38 (27-78) with 57.8% (11/19) females. Time from COVID-19 diagnosis was 26 days for HIV+ and 21 for HIV-. Mean CD4 count for the HIV+ participants was 859.5 ± 287.2 cells/μl. Longitudinal analysis did not show a significant reduction in Ab response at 3 months in either HIV+ or HIV-groups. Levels of SARS-CoV-2 RBD specific IgM and IgG responses did not differ significantly between HIV+ and HIV-at any timepoint although there was a trend of lower IgM and IgG responses at 3 months in both groups compared to entry levels. Age was correlated with IgG response at day 14 (r =0.6, p = 0.02), 1 month (r =0.6, p = 0.014) and 3 month(r =0.87, p = 0.0008) in HIV+ and weakly correlated at day 14 (r =0.46, p = 0.04) in HIV-. Absolute CD4 count was not correlated with IgM and IgG responses in HIV+. Conclusion: The magnitude and persistence of Ab response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the 3-4 months post-infection does not differ by HIV status. Although extended longitudinal follow-ups are required to gain insights about the longevity of Ab responses in HIV+ individuals, results suggest that immune protection and vaccine responses may not differ by HIV status.
ABSTRACT
Given the present global situation due to COVID-19 crisis, the early diagnosis of the disease cannot be underrated as this helps in preventing the spread of disease and treating the disease at the earliest. Though the whole world is behind identifying Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and its management, a very convenient, reliable, specific and a sensitive diagnostic test is of utmost need of the hour. This paper reviews one such indispensible diagnostic tool. © (2020) Society for Biomaterials & Artificial Organs #20041620
ABSTRACT
The most remarkable smallest known pathogens are the viruses that cause notable losses in human health. Their infectious nature is one of the main reasons for the probable health impacts. The COVID-19 crisis that is presently affecting all countries around the world is a true testament to the characteristic nature of a virus. We have already seen the disastrous nature of this virus affecting millions of people and its capacity to ruin the global economy. So, the rush of the hour is to find prompt diagnosis and effective treatment for achieving virus control and its total elimination. The current development of nanomaterials with its unique features and functions has brought out a chain of applications and technologies that could curb this crisis. In this article, we will review the literature already existing and provide a summary of the current developments of nanoparticles proposed that are presently under extensive research and clinical trials that are predicted to considerably improve the COVID-19 crisis. © (2020) Society for Biomaterials & Artificial Organs #20041120